Parametric investigation of indigenous Nigeria mineral clay (Kaolin …

Kaolin (china clay) is a rock material that is very rich in kaolinite. A kaolin ore from Debre Tabor, Ethiopia containing 59.2 wt% SiO 2, 24.9 wt% Al 2 O 3, 2.4 wt% Fe 2 O 3, and 8.22 wt% loss ...

Kaolin-based catalyst as a triglyceride FCC upgrading catalyst …

Bifunctional Co-W catalysts with variable Co-W dosages on silica-alumina (SA) were prepared and tested for the catalytic deoxygenation-cracking of tung oil (TO) for the production of jet fuel (n ...

Effect of the Microstructure of Support Materials on Cracking Catalyst …

Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is a production process that converts petroleum into petroleum products in the presence of catalysts. The performance of an FCC catalyst plays a decisive role in petroleum refining. An FCC catalyst mainly comprises a molecular sieve (catalytic cracking active center), a carrier, and a binder. …

Conversion of exhausted fluid cracking catalysts into …

Na 2 CO 3 fusion was used to improve the conversion of exhausted fluid cracking catalysts into NaA zeolite.Experiments were performed varying the catalyst/Na 2 CO 3 mass ratios and the heating treatment. X-ray diffraction analysis was used to identify the different crystalline phases present in the starting material as well as in the products. …

Trash into treasure: Nano ZSM-5 catalyst for cracking waste cooking oil

Yet, the bottom-up strategy is often overlooked when it comes to catalytic cracking waste cooking oil with ZSM-5 zeolite. Therefore, in this work, we introduced a novel quaternary ammonium salt (C 16 H 33-N + (CH 3) 2-C 6 H 12-N + (CH 3) 2-C 6 H 13 ·2Br −) as a structural directing agent (SDA) for the preparation of Nano-ZSM-5 …

One-step conversion of crude oil to light olefins using a

Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is the primary conversion process in most petroleum refineries 1. FCC technology consists of a pipe coil reactor (usually a riser), …

Synthesis and Characterization ZSM-5 Based on Kaolin as a Catalyst …

The current study aims to observe the physicochemical properties and catalytical performance of ZSM-5 catalyst based on kaolin produced. The catalyst is expected to be used in heavy distillate catalytic cracking. This study used a heavy distillate fraction of crude oil with a boiling point of more than350 ° C as feedstock.

Effect of natural zeolite and kaolin as a catalyst in the …

The yields of liquid fuel or bio-oil were found around 23.6 and 21.4% for kaolin and zeolite catalytic pyrolysis, respectively. The carbon range distribution in bio-oil were 65.38% of gasoline range (C 5-C 12) and 33.49% of diesel range (C 13-C 20) for activated kaolin catalytic cracking.

Produce petrochemicals directly from crude oil catalytic cracking…

The technology development of crude oil to petrochemicals involving process simulation, optimization and evaluation, is demonstrated in this work through considering four levels: (1) the level of materials and catalysts, providing raw material and catalyst properties; (2) the reactor level, introducing the two-stage riser reactor and simplified …

Catalytic cracking of palm oil for the production of biofuels

In the present study, the catalytic cracking of palm oil to biofuel was studied over REY catalyst in a transport riser reactor at atmospheric pressure. The effect of reaction temperature (400–500°C), catalyst/palm oil ratio (5–10) and residence time (10–30s) was studied over the yield of bio-gasoline and gas as fuel.

Studi Pengaruh Katalis Kaolin Alumina Dalam Proses Catalytic Cracking …

One way to recycle used cooking oil is by cracking. In pyrolysis, a catalyst can be used to increase the cracking yield of the product. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of adding alumina catalyst with a percentage of 5, 10, and 15% with the same temperature and holding. ... Studi Pengaruh Katalis Kaolin Alumina Dalam Proses ...

Effect of zeolite, kaolin and alumina during cracking of heavy

This work evaluates the effect of the FCC catalyst components—Y zeolite, kaolin and alumina—on the formation of coke during the cracking of heavy residue (HR) …

Kaolin: processing, properties and applications

Zeolites are mainly used in the petroleum industry as cracking catalysts that increase the area of a catalyst exposed to a reaction which in turn increases its effectiveness. Zeolites can also be used as molecular sieves which allow filtration at very fine sizes. High quality calcined clay is used in the production of catalysts.

Fluid Catalytic Cracking of Biomass-Derived Oils and Their …

To reduce the carbon footprint and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with heavy crude oil/bitumen upgrading and refining in the production of clean transportation fuels, researchers are targeting the production of fuels from renewable energy resources. These resources are mainly biomass-derived oils, which include oils …

Clays as Catalysts in Petroleum Refining …

The most important clay used in the manufacture of catalysts is kaolin and has many applications such as a catalyst substrates in the catalytic cracking of petroleum [10,13].Further, kaolin is used to synthesis …

The catalytic cracking activity of the kaolin-group minerals

J. Bao Wenxiu Rao. +4 authors. L. Liao. Materials Science, Chemistry. Crystals. 2023. Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is a production process that converts petroleum into petroleum products in the presence of catalysts. The performance of an FCC catalyst plays a decisive role in…. Expand.

Modified natural kaolin clay as an active, selective, and …

The WO 3-modified kaolin catalysts showed the same behavior as that of the ZrO 2-modified kaolin, with a maximum conversion of ≈ 95% observed over the 10% WO 3 /K400 catalyst. We concluded from ...

Zeolites in Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) | SpringerLink

This was the primary method of gasoline production before catalytic cracking was introduced to the refining industry in the 1940s. Almer M. McAfee, a chemist in Gulf Refining Company, first introduced the commercial application of anhydrous aluminum chloride to catalytically crack heavy petroleum oil in 1915 . Plagued by the high cost of the ...

Contribution to catalytic cracking in the petroleum industry

Acid treated halloysite clay nanotubes as catalyst supports for fuel production by catalytic hydrocracking of heavy crude oil ... and ease of conversion to zeolite make kaolin the preferred clay used for catalyst carriers. It is estimated that over 200,000 tons of kaolin are used annually to produce petroleum cracking catalysts …

Fluid Catalytic Cracking

2.1 The FCC process. Fluid (ised) catalytic cracking is a core process in many refineries and produces light alkenes, high-octane gasoline and aromatic middle distillates from vacuum gas oil and often also from residue. FCC units have a feed intake between 2000 and 10 000 tons per day (about 0.6–3 million tons per annum).

Natural rectorite mineral: A promising substitute of kaolin …

Fabrication of high-performance fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts is suffering from the shortage of high-quality kaolin that has long been used as matrix or starting material for synthesizing FCC catalysts. This work aimed at exploring the potential of rectorite, a natural aluminosilicate mineral, to substitute kaolin for preparing FCC …

kaolin processing equipment for petroleum cracking catalyst

Kaolin Mill For Petroleum Cracking Catalyst . ... kaolin production lines for petroleum cracking catalyst. Catalytic Cracking Process The process of catalytic cracking used in this work was based on the Standard Test Procedure 20 ASTM D 3907 and on the test unit for microactivity evaluation existing in the Fábrica Carioca de …

oil refinery catalysts: main types & applications

August 29, 2023. oil refinery catalysts are indispensable in oil refining and petrochemical processes. These catalysts accelerate reactions, converting crude oil into essential products. The diverse Mineral adsorbents and catalysts fall into heterogeneous and homogeneous categories, shaping reactions and molecular transformations.

Catalytic Cracking Catalysts | SpringerLink

Catalytic cracking is one of the most important processes in a modern refinery. It is the most economic way to convert low-value crude oil fractions into more valuable products and it has been described not only as the heart of the refinery but also as the garbage can!1 Although the process was originally developed as a gasoline producer …

Screening of modified kaolin catalysts in the catalytic …

A significance reduction of the reaction time (less than 90 min) is observed in case of HNO 3 treated kaolin clay catalyst. The pyrolysis of waste high-density …

Fluid catalytic cracking of biomass pyrolysis vapors

The cracking of pyrolysis products by kaolin suggests that the activity of the FCC catalyst on biomass pyrolysis vapors can be attributed to both Y-zeolite and matrix. The FCC-H …

Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC): Catalysts and Additives

The fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit is the primary hydrocarbon conversion unit in the modern petroleum refinery. It uses heat and catalyst to convert a …

Use of ZSM-5 catalyst in deoxygenation of waste cooking oil

This study investigated the potential use of waste cooking oil (WCO) in the production of engine fuels and valuable chemicals via catalytic cracking. WCO was processed in its pure form and in a mixture with hydrotreated vacuum gas oil (HVGO). Catalytic cracking experiments were performed using a microactivity test (MAT) …

Recycling of waste lubricating oil: A review of the recycling

Another study by Osei et al. [80] on the catalytic cracking of WLO using synthesized Y-zeolite from natural clay at catalyst/oil ratios (1:2, 1:5, and 3:10) indicated that more diesel fuel fraction (65%) was obtained using the Y-zeolite when compared to the natural clay (55%) and small amount of gasoline fraction of 21% and 19% for Y-zeolite ...

Catalytic cracking of palm oil for the production of biofuels

In the present study, the catalytic cracking of palm oil to biofuel was studied over REY catalyst in a transport riser reactor at atmospheric pressure. The effect of reaction temperature (400–500 °C), catalyst/palm oil ratio (5–10) and residence time (10–30 s) was studied over the yield of bio-gasoline and gas as fuel.

Optimization of hierarchical ZSM-5 structure from kaolin …

Catalysts improve the inferior properties of biomass by deoxygenation into biofuel. Bio-fuel consists of linear, cyclic, or branched C 10–C 20 hydrocarbons that can be used as jet fuel.1 ZSM-5 catalysts have been widely used as porous acid catalysts in industrial biofuel production.7 A previous study reported

Hierarchical H-ZSM5 zeolites based on natural kaolinite as a …

TGA/DTG profile of kaolin sample are shown in Fig. 1a.The total weight loss according to the TG curve was 14.8%. The slight weight loss observed in the temperature range of 40–180 °C can be ...

Integration of catalytic cracking and hydrotreating …

This study investigated the integration of catalytic cracking − hydrotreating technology for the deoxygenation of waste cooking oil (WCO), and compared the integrated technology with hydrotreating alone on oxygen removal and the level of hydrogen consumption. The results showed that the performance of acid treated kaolin (ATK) was …

Catalytic cracking of soybean oil by ZSM-5 zeolite …

Most of three-layered catalysts had higher activities per weight of zeolite than corresponding two-layered catalysts. In catalytic cracking of soybean oil, the selectivity of aromatic compounds was high and ZSM-5 zeolite showed the highest values among three types of zeolite. In catalytic cracking of soybean oil, Y-zeolite containing catalysts

Kaolin-based catalyst as a triglyceride FCC upgrading catalyst with

Bifunctional Co-W catalysts with variable Co-W dosages on silica-alumina (SA) were prepared and tested for the catalytic deoxygenation-cracking of tung oil (TO) for the production of jet fuel (n-(C 10-C 16)) fractions. The CoW/SA catalyst appeared to be most active (hydrocarbon yield = 69%, jet fuel selectivity = 60%) and outperformed …

Kaolin-based catalyst as a triglyceride FCC upgrading …

Kaolin has been used as cracking catalyst substrate because of its hydrothermal stability. During petroleum upgrading process, treated kaolin was …