Enhanced ionic conductivity of scandia-ceria-stabilized …

One approach is the use of scandium oxide (Sc 2 O 3) to stabilize ZrO 2 to improve the conductivity at lower operating temperatures [6], [7]. The cubic fluorite-type phase of scandia-stabilized-zirconia (ScSZ) has been reported to be an excellent electrolyte material for IT-SOFC. ... No other phases were observed other than the cubic phase of ...

Low-Temperature Electrolytic Production of Aluminum–REM …

The aluminothermic reduction of scandium oxide occurs in parallel to the electrochemical processes during the electrolysis of the cryolite melts with the Sc 2 O 3 additive in the presence of the liquid metallic aluminum cathode. ... The phases of Al and Al 2 Y intermetallic compound are observed in the SEM image of the Al–Y alloy .

XRD patterns of Sc 2 O 3 thin films grown at …

No other second phases were detected and the 2 ␪ positions of each reflection match those of cubic Sc 2 O 3 ͑ a ϭ 9.845 Å ͒ from JCPDS file 5-629. ... Scandium oxide films have been prepared ...

(PDF) Scandium oxide deposited by high-pressure

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicates the anneals increase the electron SBH by 0.4–0.5 eV and correspondingly convert of the deposited Sc contacts to intermetallic or scandium oxide.

Scandium

Element Scandium (Sc), Group 3, Atomic Number 21, d-block, Mass 44.956. Sources, facts, uses, scarcity (SRI), podcasts, alchemical symbols, videos and images.

Behavior of Yttrium and Other Impurities in the Production …

Crystallization of scandium oxide at a temperature of +600 °C. At a temperature above 600 ÷ 700 °C, scandium, yttrium, REM oxalates undergo …

An innovative process for extracting scandium from nickeliferous

The formation of scandium carbide from scandium oxide is discussed later in this paper. As can be seen in Fig. 3 b, the Ni concentration in the metallic phase is positively affected by the flux-to-ore mass ratio (X 3 ), …

Scandium Extraction from Nickel Processing Waste Using …

Scandium is a rare-earth element. Although it is as abundant in the Earth's crust as lead, it is rarely concentrated. Therefore, it is obtained as a byproduct when mining other metals or from scrap processing of end-of-life products.1,2,3,4,5,6 Scandium is usually recovered using hydrometallurgical processes that include leaching, …

Oxidation of scandium by oxygen and water studied by XPS

Reaction of scandium with water at 293 K gives initially the oxide and, above ∼50 L, also the hydroxide. The ratio of hydroxide to oxide is approximately constant in the later stages of reaction. The reaction of water with scandium is slower and less extensive then with the lanthanides. At low exposures of water at 80 K only the …

Microstructure–Property Relationships in Liquid …

Microstructure–Property Relationships in Liquid Phase-Sintered High-Temperature Bismuth Scandium Oxide-Lead Titanate Piezoceramics. Alp Sehirlioglu, Corresponding Author. Alp Sehirlioglu. NASA John Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio …

of Scandium Oxide Films Prepared by Ion-Beam …

Abstract: Scandium oxide (Sc2O3) thin films with di erent numbers of oxygen defects were prepared by ion-beam sputtering under di erent oxygen flow rates. The results showed that the oxygen defects heavily a ected crystal phases, optical properties, laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) and surface quality of Sc2O3 films. …

Crystallization of a Pure Scandium Phase from Solvent

Scandium (Sc) was once treated as a rare earth element, but the metal has increasingly found use in new applications. These include use in the production of high strength aluminium alloys for aircraft parts as well as application in solid oxide fuel cells [].This has led to an increasing demand for the metal [].While scandium is dispersed in …

Electronic Structure of Variants of Compositions of Scandate …

By methods of electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis and spectroscopy of characteristic losses of electron energy, the electronic structure of …

Microstructure and Optical Properties of Scandia Oxide Thin …

Scandium oxide (Sc2O3) films are deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering. The effects of annealing on structure, as well as optical, mechanical, and electrical properties are investigated.

High-Pressure Structural Transitions of Sc2O3 by X-ray …

An irreversible structural transformation of Sc 2 O 3 from the cubic phase to a monoclinic high-pressure phase was observed at 36 GPa. Subsequent ab initio calculations for Sc …

Exploring global supply and demand of scandium oxide in …

1. Introduction. Scandium (Sc) is the 21 st element in the periodic table and is usually classified as a rare earth element. Although abundant in the Earth's crust, rare earths are rarely concentrated in an ore and are relatively rare in the global economy (Gambogi, 2014).Scandia (scandium oxide) is the primary form of refined scandium …

Electrical conductivity of scandium oxide

Abstract. Samples of SC/sub 2/O/sub 3/ used in the investigation were prepared by decomposing scandium ammonium carbonate. The electric conductivity of these specimens was measured at 900 to 1500 deg C in air, O, N, and Ar atmospheres. The electronic and p-type ionic components were calculated. The activation energy of the …

Scandium Master Alloy Production Via Sulfidation and …

Herein, we conduct the sulfidation of scandium oxide using elemental sulfur to generate a scandium sulfide intermediate, which we experimentally confirm to be amenable for reduction to metal. We demonstrate production of aluminum-scandium …

Scandium | Chemical Element, Properties, & Uses | Britannica

Scandium is now produced mostly as a by-product of uranium extraction from the mineral davidite, which contains about 0.02 percent scandium oxide. Scandium …

Phase equilibria of ammonium scandium fluoride phases …

This paper investigates the phase equilibria of ammonium scandium fluoride phases in pure water, aqueous NH 4 F solutions and in mixtures of NH 4 F and alcohols. The solubility of the solid phases was determined at 25 °C. It was observed that (NH 4) 3 ScF 6 transforms into NH 4 ScF 4 when contacted with pure water for 24 h.

Solvent Extraction of Scandium from Titanium Process …

The oxalate precipitate was calcined at 1000 °C for three hours to obtain scandium oxide (Sc 2 O 3) containing only 60 g/t (ppm) Na, 26 g/t Th and less than 8 g/t Ti. The above process was tested successfully at bench scale. However, the mass of the scandium oxide product was small and insufficient for full characterization.

The Future of Scandium Recovery from Wastes '2279

The U.S. Geological Survey [6–8] has reported the variation of the price of scandium oxide between 2010 and 2020 (Figure1). According to these data, in the period of 2018–2020 alone, the price of scandium oxide (99.99% purity) dropped by 17.4%, and by almost 30% from the year 2014, when the peak price was reported. The high price of …

(PDF) The Future of Scandium Recovery from Wastes

earth metals is increasing. Scandium, which is often considered a rare earth element (REE), is a. critical metal mainly used in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and high strength aluminum alloys ...

PHASE RELATIONS IN THE SCANDIUM OXIDE-ALUMINUM OXIDE …

Title:PHASE RELATIONS IN THE SCANDIUM OXIDE-ALUMINUM OXIDE SYSTEM (in Russian) PHASE RELATIONS IN THE SCANDIUM OXIDE-ALUMINUM OXIDE SYSTEM. (in Russian) Full Record. Related Research. Authors: Toropov, N A; Vasil'eva, V A. Publication Date: Mon Oct 21 00:00:00 EDT 1963.

Recipe for ultrafast and persistent phase-change memory materials

In Fig. 2c, at a low bias of ~1.5–1.6 V, the Sc 0.1 Sb 2 Te 3 and Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 devices have an approximate SET speed of ~70–80 ns; however, at ~1.9 V, the former needs only ~6 ns to reach ...

Recovery of scandium from bauxite residue—red mud: a …

It suggested that the scandium was not homogeneously distributed throughout the iron oxide phases in the red mud, and it was occurring either in different minerals or in the outer layer of iron oxide particles. It was thought that the leaching of scandium in the red mud was mainly controlled by diffusion from the outer layer of iron …

C–H bond activation by nanosized scandium oxide clusters …

Scandium oxide cluster cations are prepared by laser ablation and reacted with n -butane in a fast flow reactor. A reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer is built …

A solvent extraction process for the preparation of ultrahigh purity

The development of a solvent extraction process for the preparation of ultrahigh purity scandium oxide is described. The process consists of two solvent extraction circuits, viz. the removal of zirconium from the starting scandium oxide (purity about 99%) from a 6 M HClO 4 solution of scandium with tributyl phosphate …

Selective Scandium (Sc) Extraction from Bauxite Residue …

The low effect of leaching time and temperature at later stages of leaching (when >50% of Sc was extracted) could be a sign of the diffusion limitation (reagent diffusion to the surface of the reaction through the product layer or the liquid film). ... Anashkin V.S. Improved Efficiency of Red Mud Processing through Scandium Oxide …

Scandium

Scandium influences the alloy structure, promotes formation of a subgrain structure and prevents the recrystallization due to the following features: • scandium interacts with …

Environmental impacts of scandium oxide production …

Notably, the scandium oxide is produced as a by-product with Fe concentrate, REs concentrate, S concentrate, Fluorite coarse ore and Nb concentrate. Thus, the allocation procedure should be performed to allocate the environmental impacts to Sc. ... The effects of steam and oxalic acid on HTNC mainly appear in the respective …

Scandium and Its Materials Applications | SpringerLink

Four stages are typically involved when extracting scandium: From the low content of raw materials, the initial scandium enrichment; Separation of impurities for industrial crude scandium oxidation; Refining and purification to produce high-purity scandium oxide (purity over 99%); The scandium metal is prepared from high-purity …

Characteristic and challenges of scandia stabilized zirconia as …

Rhombohedral or tetragonal ZrO 2 phases have significant number of defects that contribute to mechanical strength due to the interaction of moving cracks or ... (Y 2 O 3) or scandium oxide (Sc 2 O 3) is common to stabilize the cubic phase. For ScSZ, the dissolution of scandia into the fluorite phase of ZrO 2 can be written in the …

Selective sulfidation of metal compounds | Nature

This is supported herein by kinetic control of sulfidation selectivity between iron and rare-earth oxides (iron (III) oxide (Fe 2 O 3) and lanthanide (III) oxide (Ln 2 O 3 ), melting points 1,597 ...