Electronics

Electronics - Semiconductor, Revolution, Technology: The invention of the transistor in 1947 by John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, and William B. Shockley of the Bell research staff provided the first of a series of new devices with remarkable potential for expanding the utility of electronic equipment (see photograph). Transistors, along with such …

Vintage 1960s Schaller Germany Fuzz AC151 Germanium

Vintage 1960s Schaller Germany Fuzz AC151 Germanium Transistor Guitar PedalI was recently walking through the streets of Copenhagen when I stumbled across a little store on a backstreet that had a pair of incredible one owner pedals from the 1960s (circa 1966). This being one of them - a Schaller...

TRANSISTOR MUSEUM™ HISTORY OF

Transistor Firsts: Bell Labs' junction transistor, of germanium, was fabricated in 1950 [left]. Texas Instruments' commercial silicon transistor came four …

Vintage Newmarket Ltd Semiconductors

Newmarket Transistors Ltd., usually referred to as NKT, and located in the Suffolk town famous for its race courses, was one of the more idiosyncratic, and therefore interesting, small UK manufacturers of germanium transistors in the 1950's and 1960's. There used to be a Web site that described the company history, but it has gone.

Germanium: From its discovery to SiGe devices

As the germanium transistor age came to an end, a new application outside electronics and solid state physics arose. Nuclear physics was booming in the late 1950s and early 1960s. There was an urgent need to develop nuclear radiation spectrometers with good energy resolution.

Transistor Museum Photogallery Sprague Historic …

2N393 Transistors for Computer Use: The 2N393 Micro-Alloy Transistors manufactured by Philco and Sprague were widely used in late 1950s and 1960s computers and related digital circuitry. For example, the 1963 ATACC computer, developed by Sylvania for the U.S. Army, was constructed with over 10,000 2N393 transistors.

Transistor Museum General Electric Oral History Germanium Transistors

General Electric was a semiconductor powerhouse in the 1950s and 1960s, beginning with the basic research on pn junction diffusion at the Research Labs and the E-Labs, to the first commercial hermetically sealed and evacuated alloy junction transistors, to the famous and influential seven editions of the GE Transistor Manual, to mass production ...

The Silicon-Germanium Heterojunction Bipolar …

1024 transistors on Earth in 2022, made possible by the jaw-dropping exponential growth patterns embod-ied in Moore's law. Transistors are ubiquitous to modern life, whether seen or unseen by both purveyors and consumers of technology. Surely the word "transistor" should be added to the vocabulary of every single per-son on Earth.

Germanium Transistor: History, Purpose, and Pinout

Germanium also breaks down at 180 degrees Fahrenheit in production. It was not long until Sony, a Japanese company, acquired rights to producing transistors and started to dominate the market. In the 1960s, Sony began to manufacture television sets using transistors and made vacuum tubes obsolete.

TRANSISTOR MUSEUM™ HISTORIC GERMANIUM …

speed germanium computer transistors from the mid-1950, and GI was surely interested in maintaining this business after the 1960 acquisition – note the focus of the ad on computer transistors. Throughout the 1960s, GI established a solid reputation as a second-source supplier of germanium transistors, primarily for military

How the First Transistor Worked

The BJT was the technology used to make integrated circuits, from the first ones in the early 1960s all the way until the late 1970s, when metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors ...

COMPLETE LISTING OF GERMANIUM TRANSISTORS …

complete listing of germanium transistors silicon transistors and diodes industrial divisions bk-1300 second edition ... gt general transistor ha hughes aircraft hof hoffman ind industro transistor mal mallory ... page 2 e lafayette radio electronics corporation 1960 . transistors type mfr. des. appl. type mfr. des. appl. type mfr. des. appl.

Transistors

Meanwhile, transistor development continued at a rapid pace. In 1954, Texas Instruments introduced the silicon transistor, made of a material that was even more rugged and reliable than germanium. By 1960, it was possible to make many transistors on a single, thin slab of silicon, cut them up into individual units, and then make them …

Reliability of germanium transistors when overdriven

Joined 2010. 3:40 pm. #6. Resistor isolation and diode clamping are both good suggestions. I'm not sure if transistors have a shelf life, but germanium transistors have to be at least 50 years old. Plus if the seal is breached or the manufacturing process is substandard, they'll have a high rate of failure.

Transistor Museum Photogallery General Electric …

The 2N167 was one of the first NPN germanium computer transistors available to the computer industry and found wide spread acceptance for many years. The 2N167A was introduced in 1960 as a mechanically "ruggedized" version of the 2N167 (same electrical specs). GE also developed USAF versions of the 2N167 and 2N167A.

TRANSISTOR MUSEUM™ HISTORIC GERMANIUM …

of germanium transistors to IBM, although other suppliers were also used and IBM continued its own limited production of transistors into the 1960s. The early IBM germanium transistors frequency applications, but the ever increasing demand for faster computers required higher switching speed transistors. IBM began

Transistor Museum Store Western Electric …

By the mid 1950s, point contact units were obsolete. Western Electric continued to manufacture a few point contact types (such as the 2N110) into the 1960s. The 2N110 was introduced by Western Electric in 1955, …

Transistor Museum Photogallery General Transistor …

devices produced by General Instrument in the 1960s, well illustrates the unique and historic relationship for ... Historic Germanium Computer Transistors Research and Collecting Kit Page 5 GENERAL TRANSISTOR/GENERAL INSTRUMENT GT81: The first GT transistors began to appear in 1955, shortly after the corporate spinoff from Radio …

Inventing the Transistor

The first transistor used two closely spaced gold contacts pressed onto the surface of a slab of high-purity germanium. Inventing the Transistor. Scientists in the 1920s …

Vintage Transistor Radios of the 1950s and 60s

Boy's Radios show up often on eBay and range in value from $25 to $70. With any transistor radio from the 1950's or early 60's it seems that the brighter the color the higher the price. Cool 50's shades like robin's egg/powder blue, sea green and bright red or yellow command higher prices.

The Irresistible Transistor

Next, the top two shelves display transistor radios of the 1950s and 1960s produced by Emerson, RCA, and Roland, along with perhaps the world's only Germanium Crystal Triode Evaluation box …

1961: Silicon Transistor Exceeds Germanium Speed

Jean Hoerni met the specification by combining "gold-doping" - the addition of gold impurities - together with the new epitaxial deposition process. (1960 Milestone) The 2N709 (FT-1310) n-p-n device was introduced in July 1961 as the first silicon transistor to exceed germanium speed. Each CDC 6600 used 600,000 transistors packaged in a unique ...

Texas Instruments Germanium Radio Transistors 1950s

TI manufactured germanium transistors well into the 1960s. You can use these classic germanium devices to repair your favorite old-time transistor radio, or to build a circuit from that timeframe with a truly historic transistor. See the chart at right to determine the type of transistor best suited for your application.

Transistor Museum Early Germanium Power Transistor …

Westinghouse also needed heavy industrial transistors for high current loads. By 1960 the technology was advancing such that in 1961 Westinghouse came out with a new line of "Rock-Top" (w/porcelin top) Silicon Power Transistors, called the "2N1809 - 2N2109" series. These were rated at 30-amps with a whopping 250 watts of dissipation.

Archives : From Germanium to Silicon, A History of Change …

This chapter explores the technical choices concerning the use of germanium and silicon as semiconductor materials made by scientists and engineers …

Tube to Transistor: A Look Back at 1960s-Era Technology

Tube to Transistor: A Look Back at 1960s-Era Technology | Elektor Magazine. The Basic Electronics series (1959) helped spark Richard Honeycutt's fascination with tubes and transistors.

Archives : From Germanium to Silicon, A History of Change …

Silicon has been the dominant semiconductor material since the middle 1960s. Today, probably 95% of all semiconductors are fabricated in silicon, yet the first transistor was a germanium device. Until 1960 most design engineers preferred germanium to silicon for computer logic circuits, when, suddenly, germanium was out, …

History of Transistors Museum

One of the most unique and historic germanium transistor devices was the photo transistor, and General Transistor was a primary supplier, with the product sold initially as the GT66 and later as the 2N318. ... This Oral History will highlight Wilf's involvement with the legendary Motorola 1960s silicon transistor program, which was a major ...

JHS' $250 treble booster sells out within 7 minutes …

JHS Pedals released a limited-edition run of Germanium Boost pedals made from ultra-rare transistors yesterday (12 December) and sold out in less than ten minutes. Yesterday, at 5 PM GMT, JHS unleashed what is …

Transistor Museum Store GE 2N43 2N44 2N45 Germanium …

The 2N45 was obsoleted by GE in the late 1950s, but the 2N43 and the 2N44 remained in production for many years, into the 1960s. These devices were "second-sourced" by both ETCO and General Instruments (GI). The 2N43A was the first USAF qualified transistor, and was tested to ensure high reliability. The GE 2N4X line of germanium PNP alloy ...

History of Audio and Phono Preamps 1946 to 1969

1958 - GE publishes their 3-Transistor magnetic phono preamp (whose basic design continues thru the 1959, 1962, and 1964 Transistor manuals) featuring the new GE PNP low-noise germanium 2N508 transistor in a direct-coupled feedback arrangement with 2N322 acting as an output follower. A 5K potentiometer serves as the …

Germanium Transistor: History, Purpose, and …

Germanium also breaks down at 180 degrees Fahrenheit in production. It was not long until Sony, a Japanese company, acquired rights to producing transistors and started to dominate the market. In the 1960s, Sony …

TRANSISTOR MUSEUM™ HISTORY OF

Germanium technology was dominant into the mid 1960s, but was eventually superseded by silicon when manufacturing advances pioneered at TI, Fairchild and others led to …

The Germanium Mystique

They are unbelievably dynamic, yielding excellent and endlessly varied tones throughout the range of the guitar's volume knob. Mmm. Some of the classic effects that use germanium transistors. Not all vintage fuzz pedals use germanium: Mosrite Fuzzrites, Jordan Bosstones, Foxx Tone Machines, and Electro-Harmonix Big Muffs are …

Articles › Transistors in Vintage Radios

Germanium transistors. The earliest practical transistors were made from germanium, and devices using this material were commonly used well into the 1970s. ... The alloy-diffused AF114, AF115, AF116 and AF117 transistors were introduced in the early 1960s. There is an AF118, but this is not found in transistor radios - it's a high voltage ...

TRANSISTOR MUSEUM™ HISTORY OF

The first junction transistor was created at Bell Labs in 1950 [3], using a technique known as grown junction. In this process, a crystal of high purity germanium was grown in a furnace and during the growth process, an impurity was added to the "melt" which introduced a thin base region into the final crystal.

Toshiba Germanium Transistors: Suitable for fuzz pedals?

All of those are germanium PNP transistors and the datasheets say their gain is 70+. If that turns out to be the case, and their leakage is reasonable, they're in the zone for several fuzz and boost circuits. IMHO the specific part number matters a lot less than the gain and just the individual quirks of the actual transistor in your hand.

Evolution of Transistors

Gordon Teal built the first silicon transistor, which worked just like a germanium junction transistor. 1960s: The next big jump in transistor evolution came with the field-effect transistor.